Archetypes of nature-based solutions for farming in the North York Moors National Park.
Abstract
Nature-based solutions (NbS) have emerged as crucial strategies to address climate change challenges, offering manifold benefits to biodiversity and communities by safeguarding, linking, and rejuvenating ecosystems. We identify and analyse how NbS have been applied within the farming in protected landscapes programme in the North York Moors National Park, England, focusing on the assessment of interventions, archetypes, approaches, challenges, and the delivery of ecosystem services. Using archetype analysis, this study provides a uniform framework of NbS types in 31 projects carried out throughout the National Park. The results show schemes that encompass climate adaptation, community-based adaptation, ecosystem-based management, ecological restoration, natural resource management, and sustainable agriculture schemes. Five key approaches were identified, including connection to nature, ecological restoration, enhancement of water quality, fencing, and tree planting. Practical implication. From a perspective of NbS diversity and its implementation across the wider landscape, this research offers valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers aiming to enhance the efficacy of NbS in protected landscapes around the world.