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Pest regulation is an important ecosystem service provided by biodiversity, as plants growing in species-rich communities often experience association...

Damage to trees by grazing animals and prevention of damage by fencing or use of unpalatable species; effects of grazing on forest soils, including co...

Moose (Alces alces) browsing on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was studied in young stands of different sizes (1, 10 and >100 ha) and at different d...

Forest management involving live tree retention and natural regeneration after felling is currently increasing in boreal areas. This calls for further...

Tropical savannas are known for the fire-prone ecosystems, yet, riparian evergreen forests are another important landscape feature. These forests usua...

From general observations it is postulated that the unenclosed woodlands of the New Forest consist of three generations. It was possible to determine ...

Exotic tree species are widely used in forest plantations for their often high productivity and performance compared to native trees. However, these a...

Deformations of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) trees were surveyed for the purpose of determining climatic ...

In the early 1990s, birch (Betula pubescens) forests in north-western Norway were damaged by the bud- and shoot-mining larvae of Argyresthia retinella...

Forests of mountain birch (Betula pubescens subsp. tortuosa [B. tortuosa]) in the lower parts of the Abisko valley, northern Sweden, and in the Finnma...